Write a carefully worded sentence to interpret the results from the following studies, emphasizing the scope of our conclusions, i.e. who they apply to:
A survey experiment in a representative household survey that shows that when respondents are ‘randomly’ shown images of female politicians instead of male candidates, they report 20% higher trust in government.
A regression discontinuity study where Brazilian municipalities were assigned to receive a government health program if they had an average income per capita of R$1000 per capita. The health program was estimated to raise life expectancy by 0.5 years.
An instrumental variables study in Uganda of how information affects turnout in elections. The instrument for information is distance to the nearest newspaper seller (assume there is no TV/radio in rural areas). The estimated effect is positive.
A field experiment in which university students in the city of Milan were ‘treated’ by being offered the chance to receive an impact evaluation briefing about the success of a new education project, where half of the treated group accepted to receive the briefing. Later, attitudes towards government were on average 5% more positive among those in the treated group.
A difference-in-differences study of how the gradual rollout of a new health insurance program in Indonesia raised average incomes by 10%.